China's programs to cut emissions from coal-fired power plants…[have been] undermined by rapidly rising industrial output, such as coal-fueled steel production, and lagging fuel standards for China's ballooning numbers of cars and trucks…The problem drew national headlines earlier…when Beijing's levels of PM 2.5—tiny particulate matter harmful to human health—exceeded by more than 70 times…U.S….standard…Over the long term, drawing down emissions will require costly upgrades to industrial facilities and oil refineries, measures resisted by state-owned companies unable to pass costs on to consumers and local governments that depend on industrial output for revenue. China's two largest refiners… Sinopec...and PetroChina…both defend their environmental records, with Sinopec saying it has spent billions of dollars upgrading refineries. PetroChina said it complies with national quality requirements…