...[C]orruption and poor management of oil, gas and minerals have often prevented the poorest people from benefiting. Several international initiatives aim to address this by creating more transparency in financial dealings between extractive companies and governments. Longest established is the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)...[B]oth the USA and the European Union have introduced...[transparency] laws—the Dodd-Frank Act in America, a transparency Directive in Europe...With these various initiatives and regulations in place, nearly 90 percent of major extractive industry companies will be required to disclose their payments to governments...[but] many of the large Chinese and Russian companies active in Africa will...not be bound by...[these] rules. Joining EITI will...guarantee payment disclosure of all companies in Uganda’s oil sector...[because] all companies operating in the country...have to provide information on payments they make to government. [refers to Tullow Oil, Total & CNOOC]