This paper seeks to deepen the understanding of the intersection between the management of non-renewable natural resources and diverse forms of conflict in three countries of the Andean region: Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Each of the three countries is covered in a separate section addressing: a) the political context; b) the status of non-renewable natural resource exploitation and management; c) non-renewable natural resources and conflict; d) institutions and frameworks for dealing with conflict related to non-renewable natural resources, with particular emphasis on voluntary mechanisms involving the private sector; e) the nature of bilateral EU cooperation with each country to see if it is addressing conflicts related to non-renewable natural resources or their root causes; and f) a series of recommendations as to how the EU can improve its assistance to the Andean Community of Nations (Comunidad Andina de Naciones, or CAN) and its member states in these areas. [refers to PDVSA (Petróleos de Venezuela), British Petroleum, British Gas (part of Centrica), Repsol YPF, Total, Oxy, Shell, Chevron, Statoil, Ecopetrol, PetroEcuador, Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales de Bolivia (YPFB)]