Gender differences in access to economic opportunities are frequently debated in relation to gender differences in labor market participation. This chapter looks beyond such participation to focus on productivity and earnings—for two reasons. First, a focus exclusively on labor force participation provides only a partial picture of women’s and men’s experience in the labor market...[A] focus solely on participation masks gender differences in the nature and dynamics of work. Second, despite significant progress in female labor force participation over the past 25 years...pervasive and persistent gender differences remain in productivity and earnings across different sectors and jobs...Three main factors lead to gender segregation in access to economic opportunities among farmers, entrepreneurs, and wage workers: gender differences in time use (primarily resulting from differences in care responsibilities), gender differences in access to productive inputs (particularly land and credit), and gender differences stemming from market and institutional failures.