....On page 132, your report suggests that many countries without refineries could tighten their specifications without delay. This ignores the reality of how products are distributed. For example, the Abidjan refinery serves as a hub for the movement of products throughout the region. Mali and Burkina take products from Abidjan by rail and road, and small cargoes are delivered from Abidjan by sea to Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea. If these countries tighten their import specifications independently from the Abidjan refinery they eliminate this source of supply and will incur significant additional logistics costs...It may not change the emissions much: The age of the African vehicle fleet is much older than Europe. This means the majority of engine and exhaust management technologies used in the African vehicle fleet are designed for fuels of a quality supplied in Europe 10 years ago. In addition, only a handful of African countries have any vehicle exhaust emission controls, and none are properly enforced. Therefore the benefits of any clean fuels supplied, in practice, does not improve air quality as much as expected. Fuels and vehicles must be considered as one “integrated system” and not in isolation. In addition, the lack of strict controls on second-hand vehicle imports does not assist in achieving the desired air quality improvements...