…If the principles of conservation of natural and social capital, reducing risk, deepening democracy, and exercising caution are to be given priority, now might not be the best time to encourage investment in the mining sector. Further work needs to be done in three areas: (1) building environmental regulatory capacity, (2) building peaceful and democratic solutions to local conflicts, and (3) reducing poverty and ensuring that the economic benefits of mining actually accrue to the affected communities…Mining corporations should pre-qualify before they seek mining licenses…Environmental and social and impact assessment…needs to be employed more frequently and made more reliable….There still is great scope for ensuring all mining taxes and royalties are kept at meaningful levels and that miners fully report them and pay them with transparency… Local and national authorities…must comply with the Constitutional Court Order 005 of 2009 and the Sentence 1405-A that clearly define the ways and mechanisms to ensure remedies to the illegal mining and protect communities’ and leaders’ lives and rights…[Refers to Cerrejon Coal (joint venture of BHP Billiton, Anglo American and Xstrata), AngloGold Ashanti, Glencore, Eco Oro Minerals (formerly Greystar), Gran Colombia Gold]