This document provides an empirical picture of the causes and effects of tenure-related disputes between private sector actors and local peoples across different sub-regions and countries in Africa. It details statistical evidence of key trends in tenure-related disputes, including their causes as well as the prevalence of violence, work stoppages, and regulatory interventions. These key trends are based on an analysis of 32 case studies evenly spread across East, West, and Southern Africa. These “new cases” are compared with a global average derived from the IAN Case Study Database’s 281 cases outside Africa In addition, we have completed a temporal analysis of some of the key trends to determine how conflicts have changed over the last few decades. The high-level view provided here is complemented by separate examinations of the three African sub-regions, each of which profiles the case studies in depth and provides a more nuanced view of how tenure-related disputes develop and how they can be resolved...The report investigates the reasons for local opposition to land-based investments and attempts to establish whether there are any pre-existing conditions—such as elements of the social or environmental context—that increase the risk of disputes. In addition, we have analyzed the impacts of dispute, from violence to work stoppages and regulatory intervention..This research therefore underlines the problems that companies and investors face when making investment decisions with limited information...[Refers to Oil Palm Uganda Limited, AgroEcoEnergy, Dominion Farms / Holdings, Olam, SinoHydro Corp Ltd, Power Construction Coporation (PowerChina), Polygcl Petroleum Group Holdings Limited, Petronas, PetroTrans, Zhongyuan Petroleum Exploration Bureau, Sinopec, African Infrastructure Investment Managers (Macquarie Group and Old Mutual Investment Group joint-venture), Africa Infrastructure Investment Fund II, Standard Bank Group, Power Africa, General Electric, Aeolus Kenya, CFC Stanbic Bank, Kipeto Energy Limited, GE, China National Machinery Industry Corp (Sinomach), US Overseas Private Investment Corp, Barrick Nyasa Limited, Hubei Lianfeng, Wanbao Grain et Oil Investment Ltd., Illovo Sugar Ltd, Dwangwa Cane Growers Limited (DCGL), Dwangwa Cane Growers Trust (DCGT), Mineral Commodities Ltd, Transworld Energy and Minerals, RiversdaleVale, Rio Tinto, Mbada Diamonds, Anjin Investments, Kalumbila Minerals Ltd., (First Quantum Minerals), Socfin (Bolloré), Senhuile, Senethanol SA, Tampieri Financial Group, PZ Wilmar, Hevecam, Socapalm (Bolloré), Sinochem, Shaanxi Agriculture Group, Yingkao Agricultural Development Co. Ltd. (aka Sino-Cam IKO), Prairie Volta Rice Company Ltd (Prairie Texas), Ghana Commercial bank), Solar Harvest Ltd (formerly Biofuel Africa Ltd)].